Python Packages

• Package is a directory that contains a special file called __init__.py (can be empty).
• The presence of __init__.py tells Python that this directory is a package, and can contain modules (python files) and subpackages
• https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/modules.html

myapp/               # package
├── __init__.py
├── models.py        # module (myapp.models)
└── utils/           # subpackage
    ├── __init__.py
    └── helper.py    # submodule (myapp.utils.helpers)

Native Modules (Standard Library)

• The Python Standard Library: https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html
• Types: https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html
• Data Structures: https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/datastructures.html
• Keywords: https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_ref_keywords.asp
• Standard Libraries complexity: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/complexity-cheat-sheet-for-python-operations/

External Packages

• External Packages: https://pypi.org/
• Pip is the endorsed package manager for python, although it's an external module

# Pip can be installed through the built-in module "ensurepip"
python -m ensurepip --upgrade